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1.
Psico USF ; 28(4): 685-696, Oct.-Dec. 2023. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1529170

ABSTRACT

Nonparametric procedures are used to add flexibility to models. Three nonparametric item response models have been proposed, but not directly compared: the Kernel smoothing (KS-IRT); the Davidian-Curve (DC-IRT); and the Bayesian semiparametric Rasch model (SP-Rasch). The main aim of the present study is to compare the performance of these procedures in recovering simulated true scores, using sum scores as benchmarks. The secondary aim is to compare their performances in terms of practical equivalence with real data. Overall, the results show that, apart from the DC-IRT, which is the model that performs the worse, all the other models give results quite similar to those when sum scores are used. These results are followed by a discussion with practical implications and recommendations for future studies.(AU)


Procedimentos não paramétricos são usados para adicionar flexibilidade aos modelos. Três modelos não paramétricos de resposta ao item foram propostos, mas não comparados diretamente: o Kernel smoothing (KS-IRT); a Curva Davidiana (DC-IRT); e o modelo semiparamétrico Rasch Bayesiano (SP-Rasch). O objetivo principal do presente estudo é comparar o desempenho desses procedimentos na recuperação de escores verdadeiros simulados, utilizando escores de soma como benchmarks. O objetivo secundário é comparar seus desempenhos em termos de equivalência prática com dados reais. De forma geral, os resultados mostram que, além do DC-IRT, que é o modelo que apresenta o pior desempenho, todos os outros modelos apresentam resultados bastante semelhantes aos de quando se usam somatórios. Esses resultados são seguidos de uma discussão com implicações práticas e recomendações para estudos futuros.(AU)


Se utilizan procedimientos no paramétricos para agregar flexibilidad a los modelos. Se propusieron tres modelos de respuesta al ítem no paramétricos, pero no se compararon directamente: Kernel smoothing (KS-IRT); la curva davidiana (DC-IRT); y el modelo bayesiano de Rasch semiparamétrico (SP-Rasch). El objetivo principal del presente estudio es comparar el desempeño de estos procedimientos en la recuperación de puntajes verdaderos simulados, utilizando puntajes de suma como puntos de referencia. El objetivo secundario es comparar su desempeño en términos de equivalencia práctica con datos reales. En general, los resultados muestran que, a excepción de DC-IRT, que es el modelo con peor desempeño, todos los otros modelos presentan resultados bastante similares a los obtenidos cuando se utilizan sumatorios. Estos resultados son seguidos por una discusión con implicaciones prácticas y recomendaciones para estudios futuros.(AU)


Subject(s)
Statistics as Topic , Monte Carlo Method , Models, Statistical , Bayes Theorem , Statistics, Nonparametric , Correlation of Data
2.
Chinese Journal of Medical Instrumentation ; (6): 47-53, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-971302

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE@#Current mainstream PET scattering correction methods are introduced and evaluated horizontally, and finally, the existing problems and development direction of scattering correction are discussed.@*METHODS@#Based on NeuWise Pro PET/CT products of Neusoft Medical System Co. Ltd. , the simulation experiment is carried out to evaluate the influence of radionuclide distribution out of FOV (field of view) on the scattering estimation accuracy of each method.@*RESULTS@#The scattering events produced by radionuclide out of FOV have an obvious impact on the spatial distribution of scattering, which should be considered in the model. The scattering estimation accuracy of Monte Carlo method is higher than single scatter simulation (SSS).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Clinically, if the activity of the adjacent parts out of the FOV is high, such as brain, liver, kidney and bladder, it is likely to lead to the deviation of scattering estimation. Considering the Monte Carlo scattering estimation of the distribution of radionuclide out of FOV, it's helpful to improve the accuracy of scattering distribution estimation.


Subject(s)
Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography , Scattering, Radiation , Computer Simulation , Brain , Monte Carlo Method , Phantoms, Imaging , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
3.
Journal of Southern Medical University ; (12): 105-110, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-971501

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE@#To compare different methods for calculating sample size based on confidence interval estimation for a single proportion with different event incidences and precisions.@*METHODS@#We compared 7 methods, namely Wald, AgrestiCoull add z2, Agresti-Coull add 4, Wilson Score, Clopper-Pearson, Mid-p, and Jefferys, for confidence interval estimation for a single proportion. The sample size was calculated using the search method with different parameter settings (proportion of specified events and half width of the confidence interval [ω=0.05, 0.1]). With Monte Carlo simulation, the estimated sample size was used to simulate and compare the width of the confidence interval, the coverage of the confidence interval and the ratio of the noncoverage probability.@*RESULTS@#For a high accuracy requirement (ω =0.05), the Mid-p method and Clopper Pearson method performed better when the incidence of events was low (P < 0.15). In other settings, the performance of the 7 methods did not differ significantly except for a poor symmetry of the Wald method. In the setting of ω=0.1 with a very low p (0.01-0.05), failure of iteration occurred with nearly all the methods except for the Clopper-Pearson method.@*CONCLUSION@#Different sample size determination methods based on confidence interval estimation should be selected for single proportions with different parameter settings.


Subject(s)
Confidence Intervals , Sample Size , Computer Simulation , Monte Carlo Method , Probability
4.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 29(4): 164-168, out./dez. 2022. il.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1427041

ABSTRACT

Objetivou-se comparar o efeito in silico do florfenicol nas doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg em ovinos pelas vias intravenosa (IV) e intramuscular (IM), usando a modelagem PK/PD. Realizou-se uma simulação de Monte Carlo com base nos dados de concentração plasmática de um estudo publicado anteriormente. Calculou-se a área sob a curva (ASC) e as taxas de eficácia do florfenicol para os efeitos bacteriostático, bactericida e de erradicação bacteriológica. A dose de 20 mg/Kg IV demonstrou efeitos de erradicação de 100, 93 e 0% para CIM de 0,5, 1 e acima, respectivamente. O efeito bacteriostático foi de 99 e 90% para CIM de 4 e 2 µg/ml, enquanto o bactericida foi de 14% para CIM de 2 µg/ml. A dose de 30 mg/Kg IV apresentou 100% de erradicação para CIM de 1 µg/mL e 100% de efeito bactericida para CIM de 2 µg/mL. Há 100% de efeito bacteriostático em CIM de 4 µg/ml. As doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg IM mostraram 100% de erradicação para CIM até 1 µg/mL e 0% para CIM maiores. O efeito bacteriostático foi mantido em 100% para uma CIM de 4 µg/mL em ambas as doses. Este estudo mostra o efeito de erradicação bacteriológica do florfenicol nas doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg, IV e IM. Recomenda-se que seja feito um estudo de eficácia in vivo com a dose de 30mg/Kg IM em ovinos infectados por F. necrophorum com MIC superior a 2 µg/mL.


We aimed to compare the in silico effect of florfenicol at doses of 20 and 30 mg/Kg in sheep by intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) routes, using PK/PD modeling. We performed a Monte Carlo simulation based on plasma concentration data from a previously published study. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) and the efficacy rates of florfenicol to bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and bacteriological eradication effects. The dose of 20 mg/Kg IV demonstrated 100, 93, and 0% eradication effects for MICs of 0.5, 1, and above, respectively. The bacteriostatic effect was 99 and 90% for MIC of 4 and 2 µg/ml, while the bactericide was 14% for MIC of 2 µg/ml. The 30 mg/Kg IV dose showed 100% eradication for MIC of 1 µg/mL and 100% bactericidal effect for MIC of 2 µg/mL. There is a 100% of bacteriostatic effect at MIC of 4 µg/ml. Doses of 20 and 30 mg/Kg IM showed 100% eradication for MIC up to 1 µg/mL and 0% for MIC above. The bacteriostatic effect was maintained at 100% for a MIC of 4 µg/mL at both doses. This study shows the bacteriological eradication effect of florfenicol at doses of 20 and 30 mg/Kg, IV, and IM. Therefore, we recommend an in vivo efficacy study with a dose of 30mg/Kg IM in sheep infected with F. necrophorum with MIC greater than two µg/mL.


Subject(s)
Animals , Sheep/abnormalities , Bacteriological Techniques/veterinary , Foot Rot/drug therapy , Fusobacterium necrophorum/pathogenicity , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Monte Carlo Method
5.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2022. 88 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1390664

ABSTRACT

Planejamento de Experimentos (DoE) permite obter e explorar conhecimentos sobre inúmeros sistemas, facilitando a coleta de informações com reduzido número de experimentos. No entanto, DoE é restrito ao delineamento do desenho experimental. Para superar essa limitação e permitir uma previsão precisa dos tempos de retenção para uma seleção de filtros UV orgânicos sob diversas condições, usamos a Relação Quantitativa entre Estrutura e Retenção combinada com o método de Monte Carlo para desenvolver uma plataforma in silico capaz de prever o perfil cromatográfico de filtros UV orgânicos. Sete analitos foram usados para estabelecer o modelo de predição: benzofenona-3, avobenzona, ethilhexil triazona, octil dimetil PABA, metoxicinamato de octila, tinosorb® S e octocrileno. Os valores residuais obtidos no modelo de análise de regressão múltipla mostraram distribuição normal, homocedasticidade e independência. Os coeficientes de determinação (R2) e predição (R2 pred) foram de 99,82% e 99,71%, respectivamente. A plataforma in silico apresentou grande potencial para predição do perfil cromatográfico de filtros UV orgânicos, da coeluição de analitos, de seus parâmetros cromatográficos, além de permitir, sem experimentação, uma visão geral do comportamento de retenção de compostos sob diversas condições cromatográficas


Design of Experiments (DoE) allows obtaining and explorer knowledge about innumerous systems, facilitating the information collection with reduced number of experiments. However, DoE is restricted to the limited range which experimental design was delineated. In order to overcome this limitation and enable accurate prediction of retention times for a selection of organic UV filters under various conditions, we used the Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationships tool combined with Monte Carlo method to develop an in silico platform capable of predicting chromatographic profile of organic UV filters. Seven analytes were used to established to prediction model: benzophenone-3, butyl methoxydibenzoilmethane, ethylhexyl triazone, ethylhexyl dimetyl PABA, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, bisethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine and octocrylene. Residual values obtained from multiple regression analysis model showed normal distribution, homoscedasticity, and independence. Determination (R2) and prediction (R2 pred) coefficients were found to be 99,82% and 99,71%, respectively. In silico platform presented great potential for predicting chromatographic profile of organic UV filters, analytes coelution, chromatographic parameters and allowing, without experimentation, an overview of retention behavior of compounds under various chromatographic conditions


Subject(s)
Sunscreening Agents , Regression Analysis , Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Planning , Methods , Filters , Monte Carlo Method
6.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 73(6): 1391-1402, Nov.-Dec. 2021. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1355689

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out for two purposes: comparing performances of Regression Tree and Automatic Linear Modeling and determining optimum sample size for these methods under different experimental conditions. A comprehensive Monte Carlo Simulation Study was designed for these purposes. Results of simulation study showed that percentage of explained variation estimates of both Regression Tree and Automatic Linear Modeling was influenced by sample size, number of variables, and structure of variance-covariance matrix. Automatic Linear Modeling had higher performance than Regression Tree under all experimental conditions. It was concluded that the Regression Tree required much larger samples to make stable estimates when comparing to Automatic Linear Modeling.(AU)


Este estudo foi realizado com dois objetivos: comparar os desempenhos da Árvore de Regressão e da Modelagem Linear Automática e determinar o tamanho ideal da amostra para estes métodos sob diferentes condições experimentais. Um abrangente Estudo de Simulação de Monte Carlo foi projetado para estes propósitos. Os resultados do estudo de simulação mostraram que a porcentagem de estimativas de variação explicada tanto da Árvore de Regressão como da Modelagem Linear Automática foi influenciada pelo tamanho da amostra, número de variáveis e estrutura da matriz de variância-covariância. A Modelagem Linear Automática teve um desempenho superior ao da Árvore de Regressão em todas as condições experimentais. Concluiu-se que a Árvore de Regressão exigia amostras muito maiores para fazer estimativas estáveis quando comparada à Modelagem Linear Automática.(AU)


Subject(s)
Linear Models , Monte Carlo Method , Regression Analysis , Data Analysis , /methods
7.
Int. j. morphol ; 39(4): 1212-1223, ago. 2021. ilus, tab, graf, mapas
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385435

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: Con el propósito de evaluar la distintividad morfométrica de cinco poblaciones de Mikrogeophagus ramirezi (Pisces: Cichlidae) de las tierras bajas de la Orinoquia venezolana, se tomaron 14 hitos homólogos a 83 individuos, y se transformaron a variables Procrustes. Se realizó una prueba MANOVA/CVA, pero ésta no funcionó bien, por el bajo número de ejemplares usados, y se decidió ampliar el tamaño de la muestra. Se determinó la distribución probabilística de las variables, que fue normal, después se detectó que las varianzas eran similares. Luego se procedió a generar 100 valores de cada variable, bajo el modelo Y= X + ε, donde Y es el valor a estimar de la variable, X es el valor promedio de esa variable, y ε es el producto de la desviación estándar real multiplicado por valores aleatorios de una distribución normal, para cada variable y población. Esta simulación, se realizó para tres tipos de desviaciones estándar: La de las variables reales, la de valores ponderados simple y con media calculada con bootstrap. Los datos generados fueron validados comparando con los valores reales, y a través de algunas propiedades de ellos, tanto antes, como después de aplicar la prueba MANOVA/CVA. En todas las pruebas, los valores generados no fueron distintos a los valores reales. Usando los valores generados, como sustitutos válidos, se determinó, estadísticamente, que las cinco poblaciones eran morfométricamente diferentes, y candidatas a ser consideradas especies plenas. Por otra parte, se realizó una regresión entre las coordenadas de los centroides de las muestras reales y se comparó con las de los generados, mientras las coordenadas reales se distribuyen sobre una línea recta casi perfecta, y altísimamente correlacionada, las de los valores generados están muy dispersas. Se infiere que esta línea, llamada Línea de Estasis Centroidal, sea una señal filogenética surgida de los datos reales.


SUMMARY: In order to evaluate the morphometric differences of five populations of Mikrogeophagus ramirezi (Pisces: Cichlidae) from the lowlands of the Venezuelan Orinoquia,14 homologous landmarks from 83 specimens were taken and transformed to Procrustes variates. A MANOVA/CVA test was performed, however, this test did not perform well due to the low number of specimens used, and it was decided to increase the sample size. The probabilistic normal distribution for the variables was determined, and variances of these variables were similar. Subsequently, 100 values for each variable were generated, from the model Y= X + ε, being Y the variable value to estimate, X is the real mean value of that variable, and ? is the product between real standard deviate and random values of a normal distribution. This simulation was made for three types of standard deviates: the real variables SD, the prorated values from real variables, and mean bootstrap prorated values. The data generated values were validated with the real data, and some inner properties, both before and after applying the MANOVA/CVA test. In all tests, the values generated were no different from the real ones. Using the generated values as a valid surrogate, it was statistically determined that five populations were different morphometrically, and candidate species. On other hand, a regression between real data coordinates was performed, and compared with the generated data. Whilst the real data coordinates arranged on an almost perfect straight line, and were highly correlated, the generated data ones were dispersedly arranged. This fact, did permit infers that this line, the Stasis Centroid Line, is a phylogenetic signal emerging from the real data.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cichlids/anatomy & histology , Venezuela , Monte Carlo Method , Multivariate Analysis
8.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 28(2): 75-80, abr./jun. 2021. il.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1367182

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do florfenicol na dose usualmente empregada em equinos de 22 mg/kg pelas vias intravenosa, intramuscular e oral para o tratamento de adenite equina por Streptococcus equi. subsp. equi, usando a modelagem farmacocinética/farmacodinâmica (PK/PD ­ Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic) e a simulação de Monte Carlo. Foi realizada uma simulação de Monte Carlo a partir dos parâmetros PK, logo depois, efetuou-se a modelagem PK/PD para determinar as taxas de eficácia do antimicrobiano para o tratamento dessa infecção bacteriana, de acordo com o valor da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), em um intervalo de CIM de 0,125 ­ 4 µg/mL. Pela via intravenosa, a probabilidade de erradicação bacteriana foi de 100% para CIM até 0,5 µg/mL e efeito bacteriostático com probabilidades de 99% e 80% para CIMs de 2 e 4 µg/mL, respectivamente. Já pelas vias intramuscular e oral a probabilidade de se atingir o índice de erradicação bacteriológica foi de 100% para CIM de até 0,5 µg/mL, contudo, atinge valores de 80% e 81%, respectivamente, para CIM de 1 µg/mL considerando o efeito bactericida (p<0,01). Portanto, através desse estudo é evidenciado a eficácia do florfenicol até a CIM de 0,5 µg/mL para as três vias de administração citadas, entretanto, para CIMs superiores a esse valor, é imprescindível o ajuste da dose farmacológica, evitando falhas na terapêutica e possível resistência microbiana.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of florfenicol at the dose usually used in horses of 22 mg/kg by intravenous, intramuscular and oral routes for the treatment of equine adenitis caused by Streptococcus equi. subsp. equi, using Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling and Monte Carlo simulation. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed from the PK parameters, then PK/PD modeling was performed to determine the antimicrobial efficacy rates for the treatment of this bacterial infection, according to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value, in a MIC range of 0.125 - 4 µg/mL. Intravenously, the probability of bacterial eradication was 100% for MICs up to 0.5 µg/mL, and the bacteriostatic effect was 99% and 80% for MICs of 2 and 4 µg/mL, respectively. However, for the intramuscular and oral routes, the probability of reaching the bacteriologic eradication index was 100% for MICs of up to 0.5 µg/mL, however, it reaches values of 80% and 81%, respectively, for MICs of 1 µg/mL considering the bactericidal effect (p<0.01). Therefore, through this study the efficacy of florfenicol is evidenced up to the MIC of 0.5 µg/mL for the three routes of administration cited, however, for MICs higher than this value, it is essential to adjust the pharmacological dose, avoiding failures in therapy and possible microbial resistance.


Subject(s)
Animals , Horse Diseases/therapy , Lymphadenitis/veterinary , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Pharmacokinetics , Monte Carlo Method
9.
São Paulo; s.n; 2021. 124 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1291350

ABSTRACT

Introdução: Arroz pode ser a principal fonte de exposição a arsênio inorgânico (iAs), que é carcinogênico e está associado a diversos efeitos não-carcinogênicos. Produtos feitos de arroz, como cereais infantis, e água para consumo podem ser importantes fontes de exposição a iAs. Embora o arroz seja um componente básico da dieta da população brasileira, há poucos estudos avaliando os riscos à saúde decorrentes da exposição ao iAs. Objetivo: Avaliar o risco da exposição a iAs e/ou outros elementos tóxicos e essenciais em arroz integral, arroz branco, cereais infantis, e água potável no Brasil, e identificar possíveis medidas para mitigar o risco. Método: O incremento de risco de câncer no tempo de vida (ILCR), o risco não-carcinogênico (HQ) e o hazard Index (HI) foram estimados através de análise probabilística com simulações de Monte Carlo. A concentração de elementos em arroz e cereais infantis foi obtida de pesquisas realizadas no Brasil, e a concentração de arsênio em água provém do monitoramento nacional de vigilância da qualidade da água. Resultados e discussão: O ILCR médio para exposição a iAs em arroz branco foi 1.3 × 10-04, arroz integral 5.4 × 10-06, e para exposição a chumbo (Pb) em arroz integral foi 2.5 x 10-8. O HQ para arroz foi estimado abaixo de 1 para todos os elementos, assim como o HI, sugerindo que efeitos não carcinogênicos não são esperados. O ILCR médio decorrente da exposição a iAs em água foi 6.5 × 10-05, acima do limite de 1 × 10-5, e o HQ foi inferior a 1. Cereais infantis feitos de arroz foram o tipo de cereal com maior ILCR (4.0 x 10-5) e com mais elementos com HQ acima de 1. Todos os cereais infantis apresentaram HQ acima de 1 para ao menos um elemento. Cadmio foi o elemento tóxico mais significativo, e zinco o elemento essencial mais relevante. Estimou-se que através de ações de mitigação o risco carcinogênico devido ao consumo de arroz poderia ser reduzido em até 68%, e para cereais infantis em 24%. O ILCR para arroz foi considerado elevado, ainda que as concentrações de iAs estejam dentro dos limites permitidos. O risco para arroz integral foi menor que para arroz branco, devido à baixa concentração de iAs nas amostras avaliadas, e as possíveis razões para isto foram exploradas, como o local do cultivo, práticas agrícolas e o tipo de cultivar de arroz. O risco carcinogênico e não-carcinogênico referente a exposição a Pb foi considerado baixo, entretanto nenhum nível de exposição a este elemento é considerado seguro. Conclusões: O ILCR para consumo de arroz, cereal infantil e água foi considerado elevado. O risco não-carcinogênico foi considerado elevado apenas para cereais infantis, incluindo elementos tóxicos e essenciais, e cereais infantis feitos de arroz apresentaram risco mais significativo. O consumo de água representou um menor risco carcinogênico, entretanto considerado não tolerável. Com o suporte de políticas públicas, medidas para reduzir os riscos relativos ao consumo de arroz e cereais infantis poderiam ter um impacto positivo para a saúde pública no Brasil.


Introduction: Rice can be the main source of exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), which is classified as carcinogenic and is also associated with non-cancer effects. Rice products, such as infant cereals, and drinking water are also important sources of exposure to iAs. Although rice is a staple food in Brazil, there have been few studies about the health risks for the Brazilian population. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the risks of exposure to iAs and other toxic and essential elements from brown rice, white rice (only iAs), infant cereal (made of rice and different raw materials), and drinking water (only iAs) in Brazil, and to identify possible measures to mitigate those risks. Method: The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and the non-cancer risk, or hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) were calculated. A probabilistic analysis was performed with Monte Carlo simulation. Results and discussion: The mean ILCR was 1.3 × 10-04 for exposure to iAs in white rice and 5.4 × 10-06 for brown rice, and for exposure to Pb it was 2.5 x 10-8 for brown rice. The HQ was under 1 for all elements in brown rice, as the HI, suggesting that health effects are unlikely. The mean ILCR for exposure to iAs from drinking water was 6.5 × 10-05, above the tolerable value of 1 × 10-5 recommended by the World Health Organization, and the HQ was below 1. Rice cereal was the kind of infant cereal with highest ILCR (4.0 x 10-5) and with more elements with HQ above 1. All the infant cereals had an HQ above 1 for at least one element. Cd was the non-essential element more significative in this scenario, and Zn was the essential element more relevant. Various mitigation measures discussed in this dissertation are estimated to reduce the risk from rice consumption by 68%, and from infant cereal by 24%. The ILCR for white and brown rice was high, even though the iAs concentration in rice is below the maximum contaminant level. The risk for brown rice consumption was lower because the iAs concentrations were low in the brown rice samples evaluated, which possible reasons were explored, such as the location of cultivation, agricultural practices and the kind of rice cultivar. The estimated cancer and non-cancer risk from exposure to Pb is low, however no exposure to this element from diet is considered safe. Conclusions: The ILCR for rice, infant cereal and water consumption was considered high. The non-cancer risk was not tolerable only for infant cereal, including essential and non-essential elements, and rice cereal showed to be more concerning. Water consumption represents a small part of the risk for adults, although it was estimated to be not tolerable. With the support of public policies, measures to reduce these risks from rice and infant cereal would have a positive impact on public health in Brazil.


Subject(s)
Drinking Water , Monte Carlo Method , Risk Evaluation and Mitigation , Infant Food , Lead , Arsenic , Public Policy , Oryza
11.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 80(1): 31-38, feb. 2020. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1125035

ABSTRACT

Un modelo estocástico de simulación permite estudiar y represen tar de manera simplificada el comportamiento de variables complejas en términos de probabilidad. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es presentar, a través del uso de herramientas de tecnologías de la información y comunicación, la aplicabilidad de modelos y métodos de simulación, en estudios de indicadores dentro del sector de la salud. A través del desarrollo de un caso de estudio, este trabajo demuestra el potencial de las herramientas tecnológicas @Risk y Excel en la construcción de modelos estocásticos que permiten a los profesionales de la salud predecir, monitorizar y dar soporte en la toma de decisiones en el tratamiento y seguimiento de indicadores e índices de una población.


A stochastic simulation model allows to study and represents in a simplified manner the behavior of complex variables in terms of probability. In this context, the objective of this work is to present, through the use of information and communication technology tools, the applicability of simulation models and methods, in studies of indicators within the health sector. Through the development of a case study, this work demonstrates the potential of the @Risk and Excel technological tools in the construction of stochastic models that allow health professionals to predict, monitor and support decision making in the treatment and monitoring of indicators and indices of a population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Probability , Stochastic Processes , Information Technology/statistics & numerical data , Health Communication , Health Information Systems/statistics & numerical data , Body Mass Index , Sex Factors , Monte Carlo Method , Reproducibility of Results , Age Factors , Ecuador/epidemiology , Obesity/epidemiology
12.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 114(2): 199-206, Feb. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1088856

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: In many cities around the world, the mortality rate from cancer (CA) has exceeded that from disease of the circulatory system (DCS). Objectives: To compare the mortality curves from DCS and CA in the most populous capital cities of the five regions of Brazil. Methods: Data of mortality rates from DCS and CA between 2000 and 2015 were collected from the Mortality Information System of Manaus, Salvador, Goiania, Sao Paulo and Curitiba, and categorized by age range into early (30-69 years) and late (≥ 70 years), and by gender of the individuals. Chapters II and IX of the International Classification of Diseases-10 were used for the analysis of causes of deaths. The Joinpoint regression model was used to assess the tendency of the estimated annual percentage change of mortality rate, and the Monte Carlo permutation test was used to detect when changes occurred. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: There was a consistent decrease in early and late mortality from DCS in both genders in the cities studied, except for late mortality in men in Manaus. There was a tendency of decrease of mortality rates from CA in São Paulo and Curitiba, and of increase in the rates from CA in Goiania. In Salvador, there was a decrease in early mortality from CA in men and women and an increase in late mortality in both genders. Conclusion: There was a progressive and marked decrease in the mortality rate from DCS and a maintenance or slight increase in CA mortality in the five capital cities studied. These phenomena may lead to the intersection of the curves, with predominance of mortality from CA (old and new cases).


Resumo Fundamento: Em muitas cidades no mundo, a taxa de mortalidade por câncer (CA) ultrapassou aquela por doenças do aparelho circulatório (DAC). Objetivos: Comparar as curvas de mortalidade por DAC e CA nas capitais mais populosas das cinco regiões brasileiras. Métodos: Dados de mortalidade por DAC e CA entre 2000 e 2015 foram coletadas no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade das capitais mais populosas das cinco regiões do Brasil: Manaus, Salvador, Goiânia, São Paulo e Curitiba. Os dados foram categorizados por faixas etárias dos indivíduos em precoce (30-69 anos) e tardia (≥70 anos), e por gênero. Foram considerados os capítulos II e IX da Classificação Internacional de Doenças-10 para análise das causas de óbito. A tendência na estimativa de mudança percentual foi calculada pelo modelo de regressão Joinpoint 4.6.0.0. e a detecção das mudanças das taxas pelo teste de permutação Monte Carlo. Nível de significância estatística de 5%. Resultados: Observou-se queda consistente das mortalidades precoce e tardia por DAC, em ambos os gêneros, nas capitais estudadas, com exceção da mortalidade tardia em homens em Manaus. Houve tendência de queda das taxas de mortalidade por CA em São Paulo e Curitiba, e de aumento da taxa de mortalidade por CA em Goiânia. Em Salvador, houve queda na mortalidade precoce por CA em homens e mulheres e incremento na mortalidade tardia em ambos os gêneros. Conclusão: Houve queda progressiva e expressiva da taxa de mortalidade por DAC nas cinco capitais em oposição à manutenção ou discreta elevação da mortalidade por CA. Tais fenômenos concorrem para o cruzamento das curvas com predomínio da mortalidade por CA (já ocorrido ou casos novos).


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Mortality/trends , Neoplasms/mortality , Time Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Sex Factors , Monte Carlo Method , Cause of Death/trends , Age Factors , Cities/epidemiology , Sex Distribution , Age Distribution
13.
Chinese Journal of Medical Instrumentation ; (6): 1-6, 2020.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-942686

ABSTRACT

Fluorescence Diffuse Optical Tomography (FDOT) is significant for biomedical applications, such as medical diagnostics, drug research. The fluorescence probe distribution in biological tissues can be quantitatively and non-invasively obtained via FDOT, achieving targets positioning and detection. In order to reduce the cost of FDOT, this study designs a FDOT system based on Lattice Boltzmann forward model. The system is used to realize two functions of light propagation simulation and FDOT reconstruction, and is composed of a parameter module, an algorithm module, a result display module and a data interaction module. In order to verify the effectiveness of the platform, this study carries out the light propagation simulation experiment and the FDOT reconstruction experiment, respectively comparing the Monte Carlo (MC) light propagation simulation results and the real position of the light source to be reconstructed. Experiments show that the proposed FDOT system has good reliability and has a high promotion value.


Subject(s)
Algorithms , Computer Simulation , Monte Carlo Method , Optical Devices , Reproducibility of Results , Tomography, Optical
14.
Epidemiol. serv. saúde ; 29(5): e2020361, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | SES-SP, ColecionaSUS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1142934

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Construir cenários e analisar o impacto das políticas de distanciamento social na propagação da COVID-19 e a necessidade de leitos de unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI). Métodos: Sobre modelo compartimental de transição dinâmica e simulações de Monte Carlo, construíram-se três cenários de propagação conforme o nível de adesão às medidas de distanciamento social no Distrito Federal, Brasil. Os valores dos parâmetros do modelo fundamentaram-se em fontes oficiais, bases com indexação bibliográfica e repositórios públicos de dados. Resultados: O cenário favorável, com manutenção constante de 58% de adesão ao distanciamento social, estimou pico de 189 (intervalo interquartil [IIQ]: 57 a 394) internações-UTI em 7/3/2021. A ausência do distanciamento implicaria grave cenário, com pico de 6.214 (IIQ: 4.618 a 8.415) internações-UTI já na data provável de 14/7/2020. Conclusão: as projeções indicam alto impacto das medidas de distanciamento social e reforçam a aplicabilidade de indicadores públicos no monitoramento da COVID-19.


Objetivo: Construir escenarios y analizar el impacto de las políticas de distanciamiento social en la propagación de Covid-19 y la necesidad de camas en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Métodos: Con un modelo compartimental de transición dinámica y simulaciones de Monte Carlo, los escenarios de propagación se construyeron de acuerdo al nivel de adhesión de las medidas de distanciamiento social en el Distrito Federal, Brasil. Los parámetros se basaron en fuentes oficiales, bases de datos indexadas y repositorios de datos. Resultados: La adhesión al nivel de distanciamiento social con manutención constante de 58% fue el único escenario favorable, con un pico de 189 (intervalo intercuartil IIC: 57 a 394) admisiones en la UCI el 7/3/2021. La ausencia de distanciamiento implicaría en grave escenario, con un pico de 6.214 (IIC: 4.618 a 8.415) admisiones en UCI ya en la fecha probable de 14/7/2020. Conclusión: Las proyecciones muestran el alto impacto de las medidas de distanciamiento social y la aplicabilidad de indicadores públicos en el monitoreo.


Objective: To build scenarios and analyze the impact of social distancing policies on the spread of COVID-19 and the need for intensive care unit beds. Methods: Three dissemination scenarios were built according to level of adherence to social distancing measures in the context of Brazil's Federal District, based on a dynamic transition compartmental model and Monte Carlo simulations. The model's parameter values were based on official sources, indexed bibliographic databases and public data repositories. Results: The favorable scenario, with constant 58% adherence to social distancing, estimated a peak of 189 (interquartile range [IQR]: 57 - 394) ICU hospitalizations on March 3rd2021. Absence of social distancing would result in an unfavorable scenario with a peak of 6,214 (IQR: 4,618 - 8,415) ICU hospitalizations probably as soon as July 14th2020. Conclusion: The projections indicate the high impact of social distancing measures and emphasize the applicability of public indicators for COVID-19 monitoring.


Subject(s)
Bed Occupancy/statistics & numerical data , Coronavirus Infections/therapy , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Patient Isolation , Brazil/epidemiology , Monte Carlo Method , Critical Care/statistics & numerical data , Forecasting/methods
15.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 23: e200041, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1101601

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Brazil has registered more than 62,000 confirmed cases of leptospirosis between 2001 and 2017, with more than 2,000 cases confirmed in the State of Pará. Despite a large number of cases, no study has been conducted to trace the spatio-temporal profile of the disease. Methodology: Confirmed cases of leptospirosis from 2001 to 2017 from the state of Pará were the basis for this space-time study. The database of the Department of Informatics of the Ministry of Health was used to access data on leptospirosis. The spatio-temporal analysis was performed in the SaTScan software for the detection of clusters, and maps were generated in the QGIS software. Results: The municipalities of Belém and Santarém were among the ones with the highest incidence rates of leptospirosis for the whole study period. Increased number of cases in Soure, Inhangapi, São João da Ponta and Magalhães Barata, Ponta de Pedras, Breves, Bragança, Castanhal, and São Domingos do Capim were identified in different time periods. Santarém and Belém are the main foci of leptospirosis because they are the most urbanized and densely populated municipalities in the State. The cases found in smaller municipalities may be associated with periods of more frequent rainfall and circulation of Leptospira sp. in marsupials and cattle, in the northeastern part of the State. Conclusion: Further studies are needed to help identify the risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of leptospirosis in the State of Pará, particularly in areas with lower population density.


RESUMO: Introdução: O Brasil registrou mais de 62 mil casos de leptospirose confirmados entre 2001 e 2017, com mais de 2.000 casos confirmados no estado do Pará. Apesar da grande quantidade de casos, nenhum estudo até este momento traçou o perfil espaço-temporal da doença. Metodologia: Este é um estudo espaço-temporal com base nos casos confirmados de leptospirose entre 2001 a 2017 no estado do Pará. O banco de dados do Departamento de Informática do Ministério da Saúde foi utilizado para acessar os dados de leptospirose. A análise espaço-temporal foi realizada no software SaTScan para detecção de clusters e os mapas foram gerados no software QGIS. Resultados: O município de Belém e Santarém se mantiveram entre as maiores taxas de incidência de leptospirose durante todo o período estudado. O aumento no número de casos em Soure, Inhangapi, São João da Ponta e Magalhães Barata, Ponta de Pedras, Breves, Bragança, Castanhal e São Domingos do Capim foram identificados em diferentes períodos. Santarém e Belém são os principais focos de leptospirose por serem os municípios mais urbanizados e com maior densidade populacional do estado. Os casos observados em municípios menores podem estar associados a períodos de maior pluviosidade e circulação de Leptospira sp. em marsupiais e em gado no nordeste do estado. Conclusão: Com o exposto, torna-se necessário mais estudos visando o conhecimento dos fatores que contribuem com a ocorrência da leptospirose no estado do Pará, particularmente em áreas com menor adensamento populacional.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Leptospirosis/epidemiology , Rural Population , Time Factors , Urban Population , Brazil/epidemiology , Monte Carlo Method , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Cities , Sex Distribution , Age Distribution , Risk Assessment , Spatio-Temporal Analysis , Geography , Middle Aged
16.
Journal of Southern Medical University ; (12): 713-717, 2020.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-828868

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the relationship between sample size in the groups and statistical power of ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test with an imbalanced design.@*METHODS@#The sample sizes of the two tests were estimated by SAS program with given parameter settings, and Monte Carlo simulation was used to examine the changes in power when the total sample size varied or remained fixed.@*RESULTS@#In ANOVA, when the total sample size was fixed, increasing the sample size in the group with a larger mean square error improved the statistical power, but an excessively large difference in the sample sizes between groups led to reduced power. When the total sample size was not fixed, a larger mean square error in the group with increased sample size was associated with a greater increase of the statistical power. In Kruskal-wallis test, when the total sample size was fixed, increasing the sample size in groups with large mean square errors increased the statistical power irrespective of the sample size difference between the groups; when total sample size was not fixed, a larger mean square error in the group with increased sample size resulted in an increased statistical power, and the increment was similar to that for a fixed total sample size.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The relationship between statistical power and sample size in groups is affected by the mean square error, and increasing the sample size in a group with a large mean square error increases the statistical power. In Kruskal-Wallis test, increasing the sample size in a group with a large mean square error is more cost- effective than increasing the total sample size to improve the statistical power.


Subject(s)
Computer Simulation , Models, Statistical , Monte Carlo Method , Sample Size
17.
Rev. chil. radiol ; 25(3): 94-102, oct. 2019. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058206

ABSTRACT

Resumen: Se presenta una aplicación basada en Microsoft Excel llamada Xpektrin para el cálculo de dosis en radiología general. La aplicación permite simular espectros de rayos X en radiología general utilizando el modelo TASMICS a partir de mediciones del kerma en aire (Kair) y de la capa Hemirreductora (HVL). Tiene implementado el cálculo de magnitudes radiométricas y dosimétricas, como el kerma en aire en la superficie de entrada (Ke) y la dosis en piel (Dskin), en función de la elección arbitraria de los factores de exposición, el tipo y grosor de filtro, la distancia foco-piel y el tamaño de campo. Xpektrin fue validado con la herramienta computacional SPEKTR 3.0, utilizando mediciones de dosis y de HVL de tubos de rayos X de tres recintos hospitalarios. Se encontró buena correlación en ambas aplicaciones entre las mediciones experimentales y los valores calculados de HVL y con coeficientes de Pearson R² ≥ 0.99 en todos los casos. Sin embargo, se obtuvo mejor concordancia con los valores experimentales de HVL con Xpektrin (mediana de diferencias -0.43%, -0.04% y 0.01%) que con SPEKTR 3.0 (mediana de diferencias -3.31%, 0.10% y -7.85%), en particular para el tubo con mayor filtración. Xpektrin está optimizada para ser utilizada en los departamentos de radiología para la determinación de dosis de pacientes individuales en función de los parámetros utilizados durante la exposición, por lo que puede ser utilizada como parte de un sistema de registro dosimétrico o como apoyo para el establecimiento de niveles de referencia para diagnóstico (NRD), siendo particularmente útil en servicios con equipos sin registros automáticos de dosis. Además, debido a sus características de simulador, puede ser útil como herramienta pedagógica. El uso de Excel permite que sea altamente distribuible y fácil de usar, sin necesidad de conocimientos de programación.


Abstract: Xpektrin, an easy to use and highly distributable X-Ray Spectra Simulator in General Radiography. An application based on Microsoft Excel called Xpektrin is presented for dose calculation in general radiology. The application was developed to simulate X-ray spectra in general radiography using the TASMICS model. Using as inputs air kerma (Kair) and Half-value layer (HVL) measurements, Xpektrin allows the calculation of several radiometric and dosimetric quantities, such as the entrance surface air kerma (Ke) and the skin dose (Dskin), depending on the exposure factors, filter material type, filter thickness, focus-skin distance and field size. Xpektrin was validated against the Matlab toolkit SPEKTR 3.0, using dose and HVL measurements of X-ray tubes from three different hospitals. It was found good correlation in both applications between the experimental measurements and the calculated HVL and Kair values with Pearson coefficients R² ≥ 0.99 in all cases. However, experimental and calculated HVL have better agreement with Xpektrin (median percent difference -0.43%, -0.04% and 0.01%) than SPEKTR 3.0 (median percent difference -3.31%, 0.10% and -7.85%), particularly for the tube with greater filtration thickness. Xpektrin is optimized to be used in radiology departments for patient dose determination depending on the exposure parameters and may be used as part of a dosimetric record system or as a support for the determination of Diagnostic Reference Levels, which may be useful when no automatic dose records are available. In addition, due to its simulator characteristics, it can be useful as a pedagogical tool. Using Excel allows Xpektrin to be highly distributable and easy to use, without the need for programming skills.


Subject(s)
Humans , Radiology/methods , Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission/methods , Computer Simulation , Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission/standards , Software , Monte Carlo Method , Diagnostic Reference Levels
18.
Electron. j. biotechnol ; 40: 78-83, July. 2019. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1053493

ABSTRACT

Background: Mathematical modeling is useful in the analysis, prediction, and optimization of an enzymatic process. Unlike the conventional modeling methods, Monte Carlo method has special advantages in providing representations of the molecule's spatial distribution. However, thus far, Monte Carlo modeling of enzymatic system is namely based on unimolecular basis, not suitable for practical applications. In this research, Monte Carlo modeling is performed for enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose for the purpose of real-time applications. Results: The enzyme hydrolysis of lactose, which is conformed to Michaelis­Menten kinetics, is modeled using the Monte Carlo modeling method, and the simulation results prove that the model predicts the reaction kinetics very well. Conclusions: Monte Carlo modeling method can be used to model enzymatic reactions in a simple way for real-time applications.


Subject(s)
Monte Carlo Method , Enzymes/metabolism , Hydrolysis , Lactose/metabolism , Time Factors , Kinetics , beta-Galactosidase/metabolism , Enzymes, Immobilized , Galactose/metabolism
19.
Rev. bras. enferm ; 72(3): 617-623, May.-Jun. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | BDENF, LILACS | ID: biblio-1013549

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze cost-effectiveness and to calculate incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the use of infusion pumps with drug library to reduce errors in intravenous drug administration in pediatric and neonatal patients in Intensive Care Units. Methods: Mathematical modeling for economic analysis of the decision tree type. The base case was composed of reference and alternative settings. The target population was neonates and pediatric patients hospitalized in Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Units, comprising a cohort of 15,034 patients. The cost estimate was based on the bottom-up and top-down approaches. Results: The decision tree, after RollBack, showed that the infusion pump with drug library may be the best strategy to avoid errors in intravenous drugs administration. Conclusion: The analysis revealed that the conventional pump, although it has the lowest cost, also has lower effectiveness.


RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar el costo-efectividad y calcular la razón de costo-efectividad incremental del uso de bombas de infusión con una biblioteca de fármacos para reducir errores en la administración de medicamentos por vía intravenosa, en pacientes pediátricos y neonatales en unidades de terapia intensiva. Método: Modelaje matemático para el análisis económico, del tipo árbol de decisión. El caso base se compone de escenarios de referencia y alternativo. La población objetivo fueron pacientes neonatos y pediátricos internados en unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica y neonatal, componiendo una cohorte de 15.034 pacientes. La estimación de costos se basó en los enfoques bottom-up y top-down. Resultados: El árbol de decisión, después de Roll Back, mostró que la bomba de infusión con biblioteca de fármacos puede ser la mejor estrategia para evitar errores en la administración de medicamentos intravenosos. Conclusión: El análisis reveló que la bomba convencional, aunque tiene el menor costo, tiene también menor efectividad.


RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o custo-efetividade e calcular a razão de custo-efetividade incremental do uso de bombas de infusão com biblioteca de fármacos para reduzir erros na administração de medicamento pela via intravenosa, em pacientes pediátricos e neonatais em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Método: Modelagem matemática para análise econômica, do tipo árvore de decisão. O caso-base foi composto pelos cenários de referência e alternativo. A população alvo foram pacientes neonatos e pediátricos internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva pediátrica e neonatal, compondo uma coorte de 15.034 pacientes. A estimativa de custos foi baseada nas abordagens bottom-up e top-down. Resultados: A árvore de decisão, após RollBack, mostrou que a bomba de infusão com biblioteca de fármacos pode ser a melhor estratégia para evitar erros na administração de medicamentos intravenosos. Conclusão: A análise revelou que a bomba convencional, embora tenha o menor custo, tem também menor efetividade.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infusion Pumps/economics , Infusion Pumps/standards , Medication Errors/prevention & control , Technology Assessment, Biomedical/methods , Brazil , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric/organization & administration , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric/statistics & numerical data , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal/organization & administration , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal/statistics & numerical data , Monte Carlo Method , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Administration, Intravenous/methods , Administration, Intravenous/standards , Medication Errors/economics , Medication Errors/nursing
20.
Journal of Biomedical Engineering ; (6): 633-642, 2019.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-774161

ABSTRACT

The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule damage simulations with an atom level geometric model use the traversal algorithm that has the disadvantages of quite time-consuming, slow convergence and high-performance computer requirement. Therefore, this work presents a density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) clustering algorithm based on the spatial distributions of energy depositions and hydroxyl radicals (·OH). The algorithm with probability and statistics can quickly get the DNA strand break yields and help to study the variation pattern of the clustered DNA damage. Firstly, we simulated the transportation of protons and secondary particles through the nucleus, as well as the ionization and excitation of water molecules by using Geant4-DNA that is the Monte Carlo simulation toolkit for radiobiology, and got the distributions of energy depositions and hydroxyl radicals. Then we used the damage probability functions to get the spatial distribution dataset of DNA damage points in a simplified geometric model. The DBSCAN clustering algorithm based on damage points density was used to determine the single-strand break (SSB) yield and double-strand break (DSB) yield. Finally, we analyzed the DNA strand break yield variation trend with particle linear energy transfer (LET) and summarized the variation pattern of damage clusters. The simulation results show that the new algorithm has a faster simulation speed than the traversal algorithm and a good precision result. The simulation results have consistency when compared to other experiments and simulations. This work achieves more precise information on clustered DNA damage induced by proton radiation at the molecular level with high speed, so that it provides an essential and powerful research method for the study of radiation biological damage mechanism.


Subject(s)
Algorithms , Computer Simulation , DNA , Radiation Effects , DNA Damage , Linear Energy Transfer , Monte Carlo Method , Protons
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